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Nationalism
I. The Revolutions of 1848: revs. Occurred – fear, resentment, high food prices, unemployment, and strong middle class found focus in specific political demands.
a. Feb. Louis Philippe abdicates and takes off for England (just like Charles X had done in1830)
i. France is declared a republic led by poet Alphonse de Lamartine. Right no work. No death penalty. Tricolor. In good with Catholic Church. 85% voter turnout.
b. Revolution spreads. Constitution, rights, liberty, free press. Journalists, lawyers, students.Barricades – a French thing that became all the rage. News papers
i. Hungary (March 3) Magyar leader Louis Kossuth
ii. Rhineland (March 12)
iii. Berlin (March 15)
iv. Milan (March 18)
v. Venice (march 22)
c. Mid March,Austrian Empire, Hungarian Diet – free press, national guard, no feudal obligations (1789 France ring a bell?), Hungary gets to levy own taxes &lead own army
i. Vienna: students want representative government
ii. Metternich resigns
iii. Censorship abolished
iv. Constitution promised
v. Firearms passed out to students (what a great idea)
vi. Universal suffrage
vii. Other demands for the same thing (give ‘em an inch)
1. Czechs in Bohemia, Croatians in Croatia, Vampires in Transylvania (actually, they’re Romanians).
d. Frederick William IV of Prussia responds. Uses “Germany” in a public speech, wore tricolor, “my dear Berliners”, drew back troops
i. May: 830 delegates elected by universal male suffrage write constitution for all of Germany
ii. Majority favored a monarchy with a democratic constitution
e. Italy – What a mess: Congress of Vienna (1815) falling apart. Problems in Piedmont, Naples
i. “Five Glorious Days of Milan” hurt Austria (March)
f. Fatal Dissensions
i. France: Lois Blanc socialists press for national workshops. Government disbanded them in June. Barricades were built. Over 1000killed: June Days Martyrs. Cavaignac cracked down, 2nd Rep. weak.
ii. Germany: big crackdown in Frankfurt, Poland, Shieswig,and Holstein
iii. Austria crushes Prague, Milan, Croats, in Hungary
iv. Pope Pius IX forced to flee into Naples
g. The Final Phase
i. December: Napoleon III gets 70% of the vote
ii. Prince Felix von Schwartzenburg replaces Metternich
1. Emperor abdicates in favor of 18 year old Francis Joseph I
iii. Frankfurt Assembly completes constitution. Wants king as emperor. No go.
iv. Habsburgs crush revolutionaries in Vienna and Hungary and Piedmont.
v. Nappy 3 restores pope.
vi. Naples takes back Sicily.
h. “The turning point in which history failed to turn”
i. Five reasons revolutions failed
1. Lib constitution,new econ policies, civil rights did not help artisans, peasants, workers
2. Middle classes worried more about personal property (not so revolutionary)
3. Revolutionaries failed to change governmental personal who turned on them
4. Nationalism divide revolutionaries
5. No major nation was willing to intervene
Imperialism and Colonialism in Africa
I. A New Era of European Expansion
a. Scramble for Africa: 1870-1914
i. 1600s and 1700s trading posts set up by Portuguese,Dutch, French, and British.
ii. By 1914 all of Africa except Liberia and Ethiopia was under European rule (see map on pg. 490). This led to many conflicts settled at the Berlin Conference in 1884-85.
b. The Age of Imperialism (the domination by a country of the political, economic, and cultural life of a region).
i. Colony
ii. Sphere of influence
iii. Protectorate
iv. Motives for Imperialism
1. Nationalism
2. Political rivalries and military strategy
3. Expand economy
4. Control raw materials
5. “White man’s burden”
a. religion
b. education
6. Social Darwinism
c. Exploring the Interior
i. David Livingston – physician and missionary. Written reports informed British public.
ii. George Goldie charted the Niger River in 1830s.
iii. 1870s Henry Stanley trekked inland from East Coast to source of the Congo River + out to the Atlantic.
d. New Technology
i. 1880s – developed of quinine
ii. military advances
1. rifles
2. Maxim gun
II. North Africa –conquered by Ottoman Turks in the 1500s. Primarily Islamic.
a. The Egyptian Empire
i. Egypt broke away from Ottoman rule when Napoleon invaded in 1798.
ii. Mohammed Ali led civil war against France and won in1805.
iii. Ali built a strong society.
1. Efficient agriculture
2. Trade
3. Schools
4. Military
iv. Growing European Interest in Egypt
1. Ali overspent +borrowed $ from European banks.
2. The Suez Canal –French built (1859-1869).
3. British occupation of Egypt
a. Suez Canal –“lifeline of the British Empire”
b. Britain bought shares in the canal
c. G.B. sent troops in 1882 to protect British investments
4. The Fashoda incident – 1878. British and Egyptian forces try to control the Nile in French held Sudan. Full scale war narrowly avoided.
v. French and Italian Expansion
1. Between 1830-1912France conquered N. Africa: Algiers, Tunis, Morocco.
2. Algeria – 1830Charles X encouraged settlement. There was fighting for over 40 years.
3. France only expanded out of Algeria in the 1880s to halt British expansion.
4. Ethiopia and Libya
a. Italy failed to conquer Ethiopia
b. Italy occupied Tripoli in 1912 and set up the colony of Libya
vi. Crisis over Morocco
1. France and England agreed not to argue over Morocco. France would maintain control and England could keep investments.
2. Upset, German Emperor William II supported a free Morocco in 1905.
III. West and Central Africa
a. The Transatlantic Slave Trade
i. Slavery in Africa had existed since ancient times.
ii. Transatlantic slavery was very different from traditional slavery
iii. Between 1451 and 1870 about 9.5 million slaves were sent to the Americas.
iv. Slave-gun cycle: Dahomey and Ashanti kingdoms became very powerful.
b. A Century of Change
i. Abolition of the slave trade
1. Britain outlawed the slave trade in 1807 and outlawed slavery in the 1830s.
2. Most European countries outlawed the slave trade by 1820 and slavery by 1860.
c. Britain’s West Africa Patrol
i. Freetown at the British colony of Sierra Leone.
d. Liberia
i. Established in the 1830s + 1840s
ii. By 1850 it had become an independent nation.
e. Abolition of slavery caused some decline of powerful African kingdoms that had to turn to cash crops for money.
f. Revival of Islam
i. Islam was introduced in the 800s
ii. 1800s – a call for jihad
iii. Hausa-Fulani Empire
g. European Conquests
i. Belgium in the Congo
1. Henry Stanley
2. King Leopold II
3. Brutal treatment
4. 1908 – government investigation leads to reforms
ii. French build a railroad from Dakar to the coast in1879
iii. German, Portugal, Spain all claim land
h. African Resistance
i. Europeans convince African rulers to sign treaties
1. Persuasion,force, and bribery
ii. Europeans often ignored the agreements
1. This led to several military conflicts
a. 1890s – French vs. Samori Touré in Senegal
b. 1890s – French vs. King Behanin in Dahomey
c. 1890s – British vs. Ashanti in Ghana
IV. Southern and Eastern Africa – in 1652 the Dutch founded Cape Town as a trading center eventually enslaving or displacing the local population.
a. Settlers in Southern Africa and the Bantu people
i. Zulu expansion
1. Early 1800s –Shaka Zulu built a strong military empire
a. Strong resistance
b. New fighting techniques
2. The Boer Republics (descendants of the Dutch)
a. Boers were displaced by the British in 1814
b. 1830s – the Great Trek – 10,000 strong
c. conflict with the Zulus
d. 1879 – British became militarily involved
b. The Boer War
i. 1852 – British grant Boers independence
ii. 1880s – British revoke independence
iii. 1899 – Full out war – British win and form a democratic government which the Boers took over in 1910
iv. Apartheid
c. Powerful States in East Africa
i. Slave trade with Arab nations
ii. Strong African rulers come to power
iii. Many Africans supported Europeans in the late 1800shoping to end the slave trade
d. European Rivalries in East Africa
i. By 1870s Germany and Britain were chief rivals
1. German “place in the sun”
ii. Portugal and Belgium challenged for land
iii. The Berlin Conference
e. Fighting Colonial Rule
i. Uprisings
ii. Rinderpest
iii. Malnutrition and disease
V. European Rule
a. Direct Rule
i. Paternalism
ii. Assimilation
b. Indirect rule
c. Making Colonies profitable
i. Self-sufficient
ii. Sound infrastructure
iii. Heavy taxes
d. Impact of Colonial Rule
i. Break down of traditional culture
1. Government
2. Family
3. Religion
4. Education
ii. The benefits
1. Infrastructure
2. Technology and skills
e. A new generation of African Leaders
Treaty System Leading up to WWI
1879 – Germany + A.H. vs. Russia
1881 – G, A.H., R agree to remain neutral in case of war with a 4th party “The Three Emperor’s League”
1882 – Triple Alliance: G, A.H., and Italy
1887 – R + AH let 1881 lapse over Balkans, Italy getting ambitious
1890 – Bismarck out of office
1894 – France + R have an alliance
1890s – Germany courts Great Britain
1904 – Entent Cordiale: F + GB
1906 – Crisis in Morocco: US, GB, I, R support France, AH supports G
*1908 – Balkan Crisis: AH annexes Bos + Hers, R is upset& is supported by GB + F, G supports AH, I is upset w/ AH
1911 – Morocco is again a problem
1902 (flashback) – GB signs w/ J
1907 – F, R, J sign
1909 – Triple Entente: F, R, GB
1912 – Bulg, Serb, Greece vs. Turk
1913 – Serb, Gre, Romania, Turk vs. Bulg
1913-14 – Serbs agitate Slavs in Bos + Herz under AH
June 28, 1914: Bang!
July 28, 1914 – Kaboom!
* Peace of Westphalia 1648,Congress of Vienna 1815 – Great Deals?
World War I
I. July 28, 1914,Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Treaty system explodes.
a. Russian czar Nicholas II orders a general mobilization of armed forces, July 29.
b. Germany asks Russia to cancel the mobilization.
c. Russia ignores the German request. In response, Germany declares war on Russia on August 1.
d. Instead of waiting for France to help Russia, Germany declares war on France on August 3.
e. Germany employs their strategic Schlieffen Plan (to march through Belgium in order to crush the French before the Russians could get fully mobilized). Up to this point Belgium was neutral.
f. Because of a treaty signed in 1830, Britain was obligated to come to fight for Belgium. Not to mention the Triple Entente. On August 4, Britain joined the war.
II. The War Years
a. Both sides thought the war would be short. It lasted 4 years
i. Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire.
ii. Allied Powers: Britain, France, Russia, and,eventually, 20 other countries including the U.S.A., Italy, and Japan.
b. Various Battle Fronts
i. Western Front
ii. Eastern Front
iii. Italian Front (Southern Front)
iv. Turkey
v. Balkans
c. Trench Warfare
i. Maze of trenches
ii. No man’s land
iii. Massive losses
d. New Weapons
i. Poison gas
ii. Machine guns
iii. Airplanes
iv. Zeppelins
v. Tanks
vi. Submarines
e. Russia and the Eastern Front
i. Massive man power
ii. Unskilled
iii. Poorly armed
iv. Longest front – Baltic Sea to the Black Sea
v. Russian Revolution
1. V.I. Lenin – Fall of 1917
2. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March of 1918 – Russia lost 25% of its land and population.
f. Entry of the U.S.
i. W. Wilson declared U.S. neutral in 1914.
ii. Americans were swayed by British propaganda.
iii. August, 1915, German sub sank an American tanker. One week later, they sank the “Lusitania.”
iv. December 1916, Germany declares unrestricted ocean warfare to cut off England.
v. Zimmerman telegram to Mexico in Early 1917. April 17,1917, U.S. joins allies.
vi. Late in 1917, 50,000 U.S. troops were landing in Europe each month.
g. The End of the War
i. American troops gave the Allies the extra men and weapons they needed
ii. Allies break German line August 8, 1918, and push Germans back.
iii. Austria-Hungary losing badly on the Southern front.
1. Czechoslovakia,Hungary, Poland declare independence.
iv. September 1918, Bulgaria surrenders to Allies
v. October, Ottoman Empire surrenders
vi. November 9, William II flees Germany. Allies and Germany sign armistice.
III. Peace settlements
a. Wilson’s 14 points
b. Peace treaties
c. League of Nations
d. New political boundaries
The Aftermath of the Great War
The years following World War I were filled with economic highs and lows, social attitudes changed radically,and totalitarian forms of government took control of Germany, Italy, Russia,and China. The events, ideas, and actions that took place in the years following WWI led the world directly into a second world war.
I. Western Europe in the 1920s
a. Economic problems in G.B.
i. Very few post-war jobs for returning soldiers
ii. Exports down: 40% of merchant marine fleet destroyed
1. Cotton textiles
2. Coal
3. Steel
iii. Many nations imposed high tariffs
iv. Britain had outdated technology
v. Unemployment jumped from 700,000 to 2 million
1. Labor unrest led to a general strike in 1926 of coal workers that failed.
2. Anti-labor legislation caused bitterness
vi. Britain in debt to U.S. from war loans
vii. Germany unable to pay reparations
viii. Despite all this,Great Britain remained stable.
b. An Independent Ireland
i. 1914 – British parliament passed a home rule bill
ii. 1916 – Nationalist Irish lead the Easter Rebellion
iii. Execution of these leaders sways public opinion against the British
iv. IRA wages guerilla warfare
v. 1921 – Britain divides Ireland into 2 parts.
1. Southern counties(Catholic) becomes independent
2. Northern counties(Protestant) Stays under British control
c. Postwar recovery in France
i. 10 million acres of farmland destroyed
ii. 20,000 factories and 6,000 public buildings destroyed
iii. Reconstruction kept unemployment low in the 1920s
iv. Huge war debts to U.S. caused high inflation
v. Government headed by Raymond Poincare cut spending,raised taxes, and stabilized currency
vi. France invested in military readiness
1. Determined not to be attacked by Germany again
2. Constructed the Maginot Line
d. German inflation
i. Because of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was $33billion in debt
ii. To pay debt, Germany borrowed and printed more paper money which caused disastrous inflation
iii. 1923 – 1 loaf of bread cost 100 billion marks
iv. Inflation led to political unrest
v. Germany halts reparation payments in order to recover
vi. 1923 – France occupies the Ruhr, Germany’s industrial heartland to confiscate finished materials for payment
1. German workers respond with passive resistance and refuse to work
vii. Ruhr situation resolved by the Dawes Plan of 1924
1. Charles Dawes –an American banker
2. The plan: to allow Germany to make payments on a smaller scale and Germany would get loans from the U.S. to rebuild its economy
viii. France pulls out of the Ruhr in 1925
e. The Diplomacy of Peace
i. A Universal distrust of the alliance system
ii. Hope rested on the League of Nations which depended on the idea of collective security
iii. LON worked on a small scale but Russia, Germany, and U.S. did not belong
iv. 1925 – Locarno Pact signed by G.B., Germany, and France recognized existing German borders and agreed to settle differences peacefully “Spirit of Locarno”
v. 1926 – Germany allowed to join LON
vi. 1928 – Kellogg-Briand Pact: 62 nations agreed to renounce war as an instrument of national policy
II. Changing patterns of Life
a. Expanding Horizons for Women
b. The Impact of New Technology
c. Postwar Currents of Thought – “The Lost Generation
d. Art and Literature
