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The Renaissance
1300s-1500s
I. Spirit of the Renaissance
a. Recovering from the Black Death late 1300s
b. Italian city states
i. Creative
ii. Wealthy
iii. Independent
c. Study of the humanities + classics
d. Emphasis on behavior
II. Art + Literature+ Philosophy
a. Classical Influence + New Techniques
i. Donatello, Brunelleschi, Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael
b. Writers: Petrarch, Boccaccio, Cervantes, Shakespeare
c. Erasmus and the Christian humanists 1500s
d. Introduction of Printing
i. Johann Gutenberg and the movable printing press: 1455.
Italian Renaissance
I. Elements making it possible
a. Cities – 26% urban
b. Marriage
i. Men: 30 yrs
ii. Women: 15 yrs
c. Gender roles
i. Marriage
ii. “the scum and vomit of the world” – St. Bernardino
iii. The spoiling of children
iv. High # of widows
d. Migration
i. Rural workers needed to replace population
1. Boccaccio +Leonardo da Vinci
e. Theories of Family Life
i. Leon Battista Alberti – Four Books on the Family
f. Life expectancy
i. Affluent in 1300 = 40
ii. Black Death = 18
iii. 15th Cent. 30
iv. Leadership of the young
II. Florence and Venice
a. Florence
i. Dante – poet
ii. Giotto – artist
iii. Political stability
1. Medicis take control in 1434
2. Pop. = 60,000
b. Venice
i. More cohesive and wealthy than Florence
1. Harsh penalties for law breakers
2. The Arsenal
3. Slavs, Turks, Germans, Jews, Muslims, Greeks, Italians
III. Humanism
a. Train in the classics
b. Petrarch (1304-1374)
i. Poet Laureate (1341)
ii. My Secret w/St. Augustine
c. Boccaccio(1313-1375) – Florence
i. The Decameron
d. Coluccio Salutati
i. Greek revival into Latin
ii. Vita contemplativa w/ vita activa
1. Civic humanists
e. Education and standards of behavior
i. Types of schools
ii. The Courtier– (1516: Baldassare Castiglione)
f. Florentine Neoplatonists
i. Ficino – outlined the “new” teachings of Plato: Perfection Theologica Platonica.
ii. Pico: Public defense: The good life should be an effort to achieve personal perfection and contemplation of the beautiful.
g. Effects of humanism
i. Command of Latin
ii. Restored Greek influences
iii. “dug up” the past
IV. Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture
a. 3 friends
i. Massacio: “Adam + Eve” (1425)
ii. Donatello: “David” (1430+/-)
iii. Brunelleschi: architecture (1430+/-)
b. Botticelli: “Birth of Venus” (1480)
c. Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519)
d. Raphael – great beauty and harmony (1483-1520)
e. Michelangelo (1475-1564)
f. Titian (1482-1576)
g. The Medici and other patrons
i. Isabella d’este – Mantua
V. The Northern Renaissance
a. Not really a renaissance but a decline of medieval society
i. Chivalry
ii. Bravery + display
1. Special orders
iii. The cult of decay
1. The devil
2. Relics
b. Contemporary views
i. Jean Froissart (Flanders: late 1300s) preoccupied w/chivalric society
ii. Langland (England: 1360+/-): Vision of Piers Plowman
iii. Chaucer (England late 1300s): Canterbury Tales
c. The Arts
i. Van Eych
ii. Albrecht Dürer
iii. Music
VI. Philosophy, Religion, Piety
a. Thomas Aquinas –all truths are universal
b. William of Ockham(1300-1349): all truths are individual
i. Nominalist Theology – “The Modern Way”
c. Social and Scientific thought
i. Marsilius of Padua: Defender of Peace
ii. Questioning classical ideas of Nature
d. Style of Piety
i. Lay mysticism
ii. Female Piety
1. Catherine of Siena (1347-1380)
2. Margery Kempe
e. The Mystics
i. Dominican Mesiter Eckhart (1260-1327) “Devine Spark”
ii. Thomas a Kempis (1425+/-) The Imitation of Christ
iii. Gerhard Groote (Holland: Mid 1300s) Brethren of common life
f. John Wycliffe(1320-1384) and the Lollards
i. Problems w/ transubstantiation
g. Hus, Jan(1369-1415) and the Hussites
Don’t forget to mention Gutenberg
The Reformation
I. The church was in a low state
a. The papal conflict, the Babylonian Captivity, and the Great Schism all damaged the prestige of the church leaders
b. The secular humanists denounced corruption in the church
i. Certain records tend to confirm the humanists
c. Signs of Disorder in the church
i. Absolute celibacy had always been a law for priests
1. Hard to enforce
2. Many went against it
ii. Bishops laxly enforced rules on priest education
1. Some priests could not understand the Latin they were speaking
iii. Government officials were rewarded with high church offices
1. Some churchmen held many different jobs
iv. Wealth of the church stimulated criticism
v. Papal prestige had rested on the moral quality of the pope
1. However this went down during the Renaissance
d. Christian Humanism
i. Sir Thomas More (1478-1535): Utopia. Henry VIII lopped off his head. “I die the King’s good servant, but God’s first.”
ii. Erasmus (1466-1536) Dutch. Praise of Folly(1509). “Philosophy of Christ.” Spent 20 years rewriting the Greek version ofthe Bible. “Pray for me, St. Socrates.”
e. Signs of Vitality
i. By the late 15th and early 16th centuries, groups were working actively for reform
ii. Cardinal Jiménez encouraged monks and friars to keep their rules and constitutions
iii. A group called the “Brethren of the Common Life”
1. Began in Holland in the late 14th Century
2. Lived simply, while carrying out the Gospel teachings
3. Helped others
iv. Oratories of Divine Love
1. In Italy
2. Group of priests who worked to revive the church through prayer
v. Papacy expressed concerns for reform
1. Pope Julius II
a. Summoned a council from 1512 to 1517 to try and reform the church
b. Did not work because most of the bishops were from Italy and not enough from the rest of Europe
II. The Birth of Protestantism
a. Martin Luther
i. Born at Eisleben in Saxony
ii. Son of a copper miner
iii. Went to school at the University of Erfurt
1. Earned a master’s degree
iv. Vowed to become a friar
1. Became a priest in 1507
2. Earned adoctorate of theology
v. Devoted to prayer, penances, and fasting
vi. Suggested that he underwent a severe inner crisis inthe years 1505 to 1515
1. He had disobeyed his father, violated one of the Ten Commandments
vii. Came to believe that salvation comes from a simple faith in Christ
b. The Ninety-Five Theses
i. Pope Leo X
1. Needed money to finish Saint Peter’s Basilica
2. Borrowed from wealth family, Fuggers
a. Had to sell indulgence to repay the Fuggers –Johann Tetzel
ii. Doctrine of Indulgence
1. Stated that:
a. God is merciful, but also just
b. Christ and the saints established a “treasury of merits” on which the church can draw
c. The church has the authority to grant sinners to spiritual benefits of those merits
2. Rejected by Luther
iii. Luther studied the history of the papacy from 1518 until 1519
1. Gained conviction
iv. 9/10 of Germany shouts “Luther”
v. 1/10 does not care about Luther and shouts “Death to the court of Rome”
c. Protestant Thought
i. Luther worked out the basis from 1520 to 1530
1. An address to the Christian Nobility of the German nation, The Babylonian Captivity, The Liberty of the Christian Man
2. Lutheran Protestant was officially formulated in 1530
3. Luther held that salvation comes from faith alone
a. Not from faith and good works
4. Authority rests in the Word of God
a. Urged all to read on the Scriptures
d. Social Impact of Luther’s Beliefs
i. Had a vast following by 1521 – Diet of Worms. “A single friar who goes counter to all Christianity for a thousand years must be wrong.” –Charles V
ii. Priests, monks, and nuns paid no taxes and were exempt from civic responsibilities
iii. Critics of the medieval church informed people of Luther’s ideas
iv. Luther’s peasant background caused many peasants to join him
v. Luther wanted to prevent a rebellion
1. Warned the peasants that nothing justified using armed force
2. Massive revolts ended up breaking out anyway
a. Nobility crushed the revolt
vi. Much of his success was credited to the printing press
1. Allowed a rapid spread of his ideas
vii. Held enlightening views on sexuality and marriage
1. Felt marriage was a woman’s career
viii. Luther’s household was a large and happy one
1. A model household for Protestants
2. An abomination for Catholics
III. Protestantism was received differently by different people in the H.R.E.
a. History of theH.R.E.
i. Marriage of Maximilian I and Mary in 1477
1. Maximilian from the house of Habsburg
2. Mary from Burgundy
ii. The marriage of Maximilian and Mary angered the French
1. Considered Burgundy a part of France
2. France fought to get it back
iii. Maximilian I and Mary had Philip of Burgundy
1. He married Joanna of Castile
a. Daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella
2. Philip and Joanna had Charles V
iv. Charles V (1500-1558)
1. Became emperor at age 19
2. Inherited large amounts of land
3. Continued the Burgundian policy left by Maximilian
a. German troops second to the needs of other parts of the empire
b. Impact of Luther’s Beliefs on H.R.E.
i. There had always been a feeling of universal religious beliefs
1. Very few believed in religious liberty
ii. There had been a long-standing feeling among devout laymen and churchmen to reform the church.
IV. Protestant Reformation
a. Effects of Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism
b. Protest of Indulgences (the sale of)
c. Martin Luther
i. 95 Theses
ii. Luther’s teachings
1. Faith alone
2. Bible as the only guide
3. The role of the individual
d. Impact of Luther’s reforms
i. Townspeople and German princes seized church land, did not pay taxes to the church, and generally protested the church.
ii. 1524: The Peasants’ Revolt broke out in Germany.
iii. 1547-1555 Protestant war with the Holy Roman Empire (led by Charles V). Resulted in the Diet of Augsburg.
V. Further challenges to the Catholic Church
a. Influence of John Calvin
i. Swiss priest who followed Erasmus’s ideas
ii. Believed in predestination
iii. Influenced Huguenots, Anabaptists
b. Henry VIII Quarrel with Rome
i. 1521 publishes an attack on Martin Luther. Pope calls him, “Defender of the Faith.”
ii. Catherine of Aragon, wife for 18 years could not give Henry a son (only Mary Tudor survived infancy). Henry seeks an annulment from the pope. Pope denies.
iii. Henry took control of the Church of England. 1534 .Bible in English. Priests could marry.
iv. Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn.
v. Sir Thomas More executed.
vi. Confiscation and distribution of church lands.
c. A Protestant Nation
i. 1537: Henry VIII died. 10 year-old son, Edward VI becomes king.
ii. 1553: Edward VI died. His Catholic half-sister, MaryTudor (Bloody Mary), takes over the throne.
1. She persecuted Anglican bishops
2. She married King Philip II of Spain
iii. 1558: Mary Tudor died. Her Protestant half-sister, Elizabeth I, became queen.
1. Policy of religious compromise
2. Persecuted anybody (Catholic or Protestant) who opposed her policies.
VI. The Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation)
a. Pope Paul III andthe Council of Trent
i. Reaffirmed traditional Catholic doctrines.
ii. Established reforms.
1. Reformed church finances and administration.
2. Better training of priests.
3. Ended many abuses that Luther and other Protestants complained about.
4. Recognized the Society of Jesus (Jesuits, as Loyola’s followers were called.)
5. Revival of the Inquisition
6. Catholic Church remained strong in Italy, France, Spain, and Southern Germany
Chapter 14
I. Expansion at Home
a. Population Increase
i. Plagues took less of a toll (1500+)
ii. Better harvests
1. Crop/equipmentimprovements/land expansion
2. Warmer climate
iii. Pop rose by 50% 1470-1520
iv. Cities – ex. London 50,000-200,000
b. Consequences of Increase
i. Higher food prices
ii. Enclosure acts (England)
c. Economic Growth
i. Customs + Tolls
ii. Textiles, printing, glass
iii. Fuggers of Augsburg
1. Charles V (CarlosI of Spain)
iv. Guilds
d. Inflation and Silver
i. Based on 150 years of steady prices
ii. “Just” prices vs. exploitation
iii. New world silver Spain to pay German + Italian merchants
iv. Gold increased by 20% / Silver – 300%
1. Wider circulation of currency
e. Commercial Revolution
i. Bookkeepers/Bankers/Accountants
ii. Capitalism
1. Accumulation of capital/banking investments
2. Unease expressed ex: The Merchant of Venice
f. Social Change: The Countryside
i. Wages for peasants low/rent high
ii. Peasants forced off land
1. Uprisings
2. High number of vagrants
iii. Relief
1. England – either lazy (punished) or unfortunate (helped)
a. The English Poor Law of 1601 (work for food)
b. Poorhouses/monasteries hurt by Reformation
g. Social Change: The Town
i. Vagrancy, plagues, unsanitary conditions
ii. New opportunities: construction, services, shop-keeping, printing, explosion of guild membership
iii. The new social classes + social opportunities
II. Expansion Overseas
a. The Portuguese
i. Henry the Navigator 1420s exploring down into Africa
ii. Bartholomeu Dias 1488 rounds Cape of Good Hope
iii. 1494 – Treaty of Tordesillas
iv. 1498 Vasco da Gama reaches India
v. Set up small bases/forts – little contact with natives
1. Took few slaves
vi. Controlled trade w/Orient
b. The Spaniards
i. Columbus, turned down by Portuguese in 1484, was accepted by Ferd and Izzy (he set out in1492)
1. 33 days at sea –Landed in Bahamas
2. 4 Voyages in all
ii. 1513 Vasco de Balboa – Pacific Ocean
iii. 1519 CAM – Conquistadores
iv. 1522 Magellan 3 year trip around the world ends
v. 1520s PIP
vi. Spain’s colonial Empire
c. Reasons to settle
i. $
ii. Adventure
iii. Convert heathen souls
iv. Religious freedom
d. The GoldenTriangle of Trade 1500s-late 1700s
i. Slavery
ii. Bartolome de Las Casas
III. TheCentralization of Political Power
a. The “NewMonarchs”
i. Henry VII, VIII, and the rest of the Tudors
1. Cardinal Thomas Wolsey
2. Thomas Cromwell
3. 1533/34 Act of Supremacy
ii. Louis XI (1461-1483; wars w/low countries) + CharlesVIII (1483-1498; wars w/ Italy) Louis XII (1498-1515) Francis I (1515-1547) Expanded government, reached tax agreement with Pope.
iii. Ferdinand and Isabella 1469-1516
1. 1469 Ferdinand of Aragon, King of Sicily married Isabella of Aragon, which resulted in a 10-year civil war. A federation of territories emerged. Codified Law – not customs.
2. The church and the Inquisition 1492-1502 high point
3. Overseas + wealth
iv. Charles V H.R.E. (1516-1556)
1. Wars all over the place
2. Tremendous cost in $
IV. The Splintered States
a. H.R.E.
i. Habsburgs
1. Wealthy but very little power
2. Controlled the Rhine
3. The Diet: city reps, princes, electors
4. Married to everyone under the sun
5. 1495 – emperor created a tribunal to settle disputes through Roman Law
6. Reformation wounded Chucky Five
b. Hungary
i. Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490)
1. Restrained nobles, built up army, increased taxation
2. Gained Bohemia,German, Austrian Lands, Vienna
ii. Lodislas II (1490-1516) – gave land + kids to theHabsburgs – Lost battles to Turks – fell apart
iii. Poland (The Pawn of Politics)
1. The nobles Diet overthrew the crown
2. Great Renaissance patronage
a. Copernicus(1473-1543) On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres
iv. The Ottomans
1. Strong central authority (the Sultan)
2. Constantinople/easternMed./N. Africa/Balkans
3. Army 25,000 strong
4. Greatest under Suleiman the Great
5. Siege of Vienna in 1529
v. Italy – 5 major states: Naples, Milan, Florence, Venice, and the Papal states
1. Milan invited Charles VIII (France) to protect it against Florence + Naples
2. Florence controlled by the Medici
3. Venice – very “republican”
4. Charles VIII kicked out the Medici who got Ferdinand of Aragon and the Habsburgs involved. Habsburgs set up the Medici as Dukes of Tuscany Ferdinand took Naples (1504). By 1559 Charles V and Milan + Habsburgs controlled Italy.
5. Only Papal States under the Warrior Pope Julius II prospered (1503-1513).
V. The New Statecraft
a. The new diplomacy
b. Machiavelli – ThePrince (1532)
c. Guicciardini – TheHistory of Italy (1530s)
The English Civil War
I. A Balance with Parliament
a. Henry VII: Forceful but kept a good relationship with Parliament
b. Elizabeth: Powerful monarch who maintained balance with Parliament – Died 1603 with no direct heir
II. James I and the Divine Rights of Kings
a. Meant well but unfamiliar with English politics
b. Supervised new translation of the Bible: King James Version
c. Wrote The True Law of Free Monarchies: “Kings are called gods.”
d. Argued with Parliament (House of Lords + House of Commons) over 3 major issues.
i. Religion – the persecution of the Puritans
ii. Money – he spent a lot of money on his court and wars with Catholic Spain. He refused to compromise with Parliament.
iii. Foreign Policy – he tried to make peace with Spain by marrying his daughter to a Spanish prince.
III. Charles I and Parliament
a. Charles I took throne in 1625. Like his father, he believed in the divine rights of kings.
b. Dismissed Parliament and demanded loans from wealthy individuals. Imprisoned those who refused.
c. 1628 – summoned Parliament and demanded $. They refused until he signed the Petition of Right.
i. No forced loans
ii. No imprisonment without cause
iii. No quartering without consent
d. Once Charles I got his $, he dissolved Parliament and ignored the Petition of Right.
e. Made many enemies+ appointed unpopular officials.
i. William Laud – Archbishop of Canterbury: Persecute Puritans
f. Revolt in Scotland: 1638
i. Over religious issues
ii. Scots invade England
iii. 1640: Charles summons Parliament to pay for war with Scotland.
g. The Long Parliament concerned with limiting the King’s power
h. Held trials and executed many officials
i. Triennial Act: The Monarch must call Parliament at least once every 3 years.
j. Pushed through a bill condemning Charles as a tyrant
k. Charles forcibly arrested 5 members of Parliament making compromise impossible.
l. 1642: King and Parliament raise own armies and go to war.
IV. The English Civil War: 1642-1649
a. King led the Cavaliers – mostly nobles and rural commoners from N.W. England.
b. Oliver Cromwell, a Puritan, led Parliaments roundheads (the New Model Army).
c. In 1649 Parliament voted to execute Charles I. Charles argued, “A king cannot be tried by any superior jurisdiction on Earth.” Even so, they removed his head and voted to end the monarchy.
V. The Commonwealth under Cromwell
a. Religious toleration (except for Catholics)
b. Parliament became so divided, Cromwell dissolved it in 1653 and named himself Lord Protector and ruled as a dictator until 1658.
c. Cromwell crushed Scotland and Ireland and encouraged English Protestants to settle there.
d. Unhappy with the Commonwealth, the Parliament came together after Cromwell’s death in order to restore the monarchy with Charles II who was living in France.
Establishing a Limited Monarchy
I. The Restoration under Charles II
a. He agrees to respect the Magna Carta and the Petition of Right.
b. Parliament abolishes federal laws.
c. Catholic Charles urges religious toleration but Parliament passes the Test Act excluding Catholics from public office and military duty.
d. Charles makes secret treaty with Louis XIV of France.
II. Emergence of Political Parties
a. Tories – support the King and the Anglican Church.
b. Whigs – support Parliament and urge religious toleration of all Protestant groups but very anti-Catholic.
c. 1679: Tories defeat the Exclusion Act and pass the Habeas Corpus Act.
III. James II and the Glorious Revolution
a. James II takes the throne in 1685. His goal is to make Parliament more tolerant of Catholics. He ignores the Test Act.
b. Parliament invited his sister, Mary and her husband William to take over the monarchy.
c. James, knowing he would lose a war and his life, fled the country.
d. William and Mary signed the English Bill of Rights in 1689.
IV. The English Bill of Rights
a. Makes Parliament stronger than the monarch.
b. Gave Parliament the ability to pass, make, and void laws.
c. Passed individual rights.
i. Abolished cruel and unusual punishment
ii. Bail
iii. Trial by jury
d. Despite B.O.R., England was still not a democracy and the wealthy remained in charge.
V. Ireland & Scotland
a. James II led a rebellion in Ireland (1689)
b. Act of Settlement (1701): Only an Anglican could inherit the throne
c. Harsh treatment of Irish Catholics
d. 1707 – Act of Union joins Scotland & England
e. After William &Mary, came Queen Anne then, due to the Act of Settlement, in 1714, George, the German Elector of Hanover became King George I of England. [The Cabinet, the Prime minister (Robert Walpole 1721-1742)].
Scientific Revolution + The Enlightenment
I. Scientific Method
a. Experiment and observation (Descartes & Bacon)
b. Interpretation
c. Mathematic formula
d. Nicolas Copernicus
i. 1543: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies
e. Galileo
f. Sir Isaac Newton
II. Enlightened Thinkers
a. Thomas Hobbes –“The best government was one in which the ruler has absolute power to keep order.” (1650s)
b. John Locke –Believed people were basically unreasonable. “An absolute ruler should only stay in power as long as he has the consent of the people.”
i. Huge impact on French philosophers
1. Argued against censorship, religious wars, and for education
2. Against slavery, mercantilism, and for a free market
c. Montesquieu –came up with 3 branch system of checks and balances (mid 1700s)
d. Voltaire – fought for religious toleration “I do not agree with a word you say but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” The best ruler is an “Enlightened Monarch.”
e. Rousseau – people are basically good. Society corrupts people. Society should not have rulers but a “general will” instead.
f. Diderot – wrote the 1st encyclopedia (1751-1772)
g. Enlightened Monarchs
i. Maria Theresa + Joseph II (Austria)
ii. Catherine the Great (Russia)
iii. Frederick the Great (Prussia)
h. Classical Art +Music
i. Bach
ii. Handel
iii. Haydn
iv. Mozart
